So, as I said in my very first post, I decided to choose this topic because I wanted to learn more so I would have enough information to make an informed opinion on whether genetic modification could be used to help mitigate the impacts of climate change, particularly in terms of food security.
Throughout the term I repeatedly read that more research is required concerning many genetic modification developments. It seems to me that one of the key areas where research needs to be furthered concerns whether the genetically modified organism can be relied on in this changing global climate, as we can make predictions but do not know exactly what the changes will be on a local and global scale.
I also read about a lot of concerns over the health impacts, and one of the things which concerns people most is that we do not know much about the long-term health impacts. I think this is going to be a difficult barrier to overcome because, if we want to use GMOs to mitigate the impacts of climate change, we will need to start doing it soon. However, because some GM crops are going to take up to 20 years to fully establish, if we delay their use until we can be sure of the long-term health impacts then some may not come into use until up to two decades after the research is completed (Godfray et al., 2010).
I explored some case studies and found that in some places there does seem to be potential for GM crops, however in others they would be unsuitable and have potentially detrimental impacts on the country (Kaur et al., 2013).
So I'm starting to think that GM crops or animals could work to combat the impacts of climate change, but only in certain places. We need to target their use only to areas where we can be more confident that they will work in changing climatic conditions, with minimal negative socioeconomic or environmental impact on the country.
I also briefly explored the use of genetic modification in bio-geoengineering. I think it could have a role to play here too, especially if genetically modified crops are not going to be as widely suitable as first thought. GM in bio-geoengineering could help mitigate the impact of climate change by enhancing the albedo of leaves to deflect more solar radiation, rather than assisting with the food security issues which are being driven by climate change (Ridgwell et al., 2009).
Therefore I think the future might see more of a tapestry of different strategies, with some areas which are able to support GM crops making use of them and other areas which are not as suitable for growing crops for food security employing other GM techniques such as leaf albedo enhancement.
I think that the potential that GM has to provide us with a food source in this changing climate should not be ignored, and that it should start to be seen as another agricultural tool.
As genetically modified crops will take a while to become fully established, I think it would be wise to try to reduce meat consumption, especially in the more developed areas of the world where protein deficiency is less of an issue. I read about how we are using 1/3 of the cropland available worldwide to grow feed for animal production, and if we cut down on meat production this could free up some land which could then be used for crop cultivation, whether that is GM or not (Isaacson, 2015). This could help bridge the gap between now and a time when GM crops could be widely established and available.
It seems to me that GM crops are here to stay; however, further research into potential environmental and health impacts is crucial to help us to better assess and manage the risks. On balance, it seems to me that we cannot currently turn down the increased yields which GMOs offer under changing climatic conditions, though a careful eye would need to be kept on their development and an ongoing research scheme maintained.